Your core is effectively one or more prepreg laminates that are pressed, hardened, and cured with heat, and the core is plated with copper foil on each side. If you want to know the maximum current you can put through a trace before it raises its temperature 10 degrees C, this tool implements the IPC2152 recommended equations. 1. High-Speed PCB Stackup Design. - printed circuit board manufacturer. Related Symbolab blog posts. Explore math with our beautiful, free online graphing calculator. Unfortunately, the mark command doesn't accept coordinates; you have to click the location manually (and therefore, it must be on the current grid). So whilst the Si8000m gives you tight control in the pre-build stages, Polar’s Controlled Impedance Test System (CITS) extends that control into the fabrication process. This script calculates the impedance of the printed circuit board with two conducting traces positioned in the dielectric layer between two ground plates. First, the Area is calculated: Area [mils²] = ( Current [Amps] / (k* ( Temp_Rise [°C] )^b) )^ (1/c) Then, the Width is calculated: Width [mils] = Area [mils²] / ( Thickness [oz] * 1. We recommend the software from Polar Instruments if you want to get exact impedance calculation. PCB Calculator 6 / 7 2. The SB8000 is a packaged combination of the Si8000 field solving impedance calculator and the SB200a professional layer stackup design system. Stackup, or buildup of PCBs, has grown in importance over the last decade. Our tool has the following features that will help you to design a reliable build-up: It has a library of stack-up templates. reflection coefficient definition. Speedstack Si 2023 Stackup / Insertion Loss Field Solver. Below is an interactive calculator that allows you to easily convert complex numbers in polar form to rectangular form, and vice-versa. Youll be abIe to manage thé impedance throughout yóur board based. You can easily get access to the PCB calculator through the PayrollPanda PCB calculator page. Related Links. Instead of using a homemade tool to work out the impedance of each trace in your PCB, Altium Designer incorporates PCB impedance. This calculator determines the impedance of a symmetric differential stripline pair. ->. External traces: I = 0. Embedded microstrips also find themselves in high-speed digital PCB designs where entails signal travel with minimal distortion and no cross-talk and/or radiation is required. PCB Via Calculator March 12, 2006. Removed YA2017 tax comparison. Morgan Hill, CA – February 4, 2021 – Polar Instruments Ltd and Anritsu Corporation introduce a solution for the production testing of PCB insertion loss. Radio Frequency Engineering Calculator. To calculate the impedance, I use Saturn PCB impedance calculator software, Inc - PCB Toolkit V8. Available for the full range of Polar software, 12 and 24 month contracts automatically renew at the anniversary. 5 mils or even smaller. Example 1: Perform addition (2 + 3i) + (1 – 4i) leaving the result a) in polar form and b) in rectangular form. CE v21. 6 Color-Code This calculator helps translating the color bars from the resistor to its value. You can also use “A” to indicate. Compute cartesian (Rectangular) against Polar complex numbers equations. EIS is not included in tax relief. " Learn more about the calculator here. A capacitor with a capacitance of C designed for PCB is represented by a constant current intensity I. , sensitive subgroups) that is likely to be without an appreciable risk of harmful effects during a. Signal integrity tools. Select the box with the geometry that you would like to calculate. *The structure may propagate in 3 modes: coplanar waveguide, coupled slot lines and microstrip. *Comparisons show minimal differences to ADS linecalc and Polar Instruments Quicksolver industry standard tools. 076 Polar Samples 12 FO/002 Copper Foil 0. Figure 13. For the same employee, monthly PCB for salary alone will be RM 130, so the tax for bonus is RM 650 - RM 130 = RM 520. 011mm (11um). Basically, a coplanar waveguide (CPW) consists of a conductor separated from two. It includes a link and license for Polar’s Si8000m, using the proven Polar Si8000m multipleAP116. Commonly fabricated with printed circuit board (PCB) technology, a microstrip antenna calculator tool is an electrical transmission line that is able to transmit RF signals. PCB impedance control is a routine specification on many boards; however, as geometries shrink, fabricators making a TDR impedance measurement on a PCB can start to see the impedance TDR trace rising over its length because of the DC resistance of. 08 Mar 2020: Included 7% EPF calculation. It is based on our new book "PCB Design Guide to Via and Trace Currents and Temperatures. Stripline. The best PCB impedance calculator utilities inside PCB design simulation tools will include these effects so that impedance can be determined with very high accuracy. The optimal distance from via-to-via is 0. Example 1: Perform addition (2 + 3i) + (1 – 4i) leaving the result a) in polar form and b) in rectangular form. The Breadth and Depth of Your PCB Design Workflow The routing process remains the most time-consuming layout task, Altium Designer interactive routing technology makes design dense board layouts much easier. Phone: +44 (0)1425 489 111 / +49 (0) 8104 628 0. ) 2019. Follow this short decision tree to select the version of Speedstack that matches your. Contact. This impecance calculator is used for estimation and rough dimensioning of high frequency PCB. Controlled Impedance Routing and Altium Designer ®. Note: The results are only for approximation and rough estimation, the final values and the. PCB signal integrity, stackup and controlled impedanceThe Difference Between PCB Core vs. With the Si9000 PCB Transmission Line Field Solver you can view the full range of 2 and 4-port S-parameters in a single chart window. Thank you for using our service for many years. Download popular programs, drivers and latest updates easily. Removed YA2017 tax comparison. If the reflection coefficient (Γ) is known, then the VSWR. All calculators are scripted on the server and. Any compensation range provided for a role is an. The surface finish is neglected. Hence, it is vital to identify the polarity – positive (anode) and negative (cathode) pins – of a component before mounting them on a circuit board. Sampson Guernsey Channel Islands GY2 4AF ENGLAND email: polarcare@polarinstruments. Current lags the voltage by 26. com) was closed on Wednesday, September 20, 2023. L-C Resonance. Get personalized guidance and feedback to help you set your goals, plan your workouts, and track your progress. Advanced Circuits is MIL-PRF-31032, MIL-PRF-55110G, AS9100C, ISO 9001:2008 Certified, IPC 6012 Class 2, 3 and 3A Qualified, and ITAR Registered. Signal Layer Estimator . Mask coverage can be set adjacent, between and above traces. Sample coupon — Gerber Data mpcd1345. The Polar Si9000e is a 2-D frequency dependent field solver used to accurately compute frequency dependent parameters such as Z, R, L, G, C, dielectric and copper losses for trace transmission lines on printed circuit boards. The Polar Form Calculator will display the polar form of the. Coplanar Waveguide Calculator. 378 [mils/oz] ) For IPC-2221 internal layers: k = 0. *Accurate for arbitrary values of Er and w/h ratios. With PCBWay impedance calculator, you can calculate the approximate impedance of your PCB / high frequency circuit board. The Track's Routing Follows Component's Rotation. This note proposes a professional alternative to cleaning with commercial solvents. reischer@polarinstruments. The microstrip is a very simple yet useful way to create a transmission line with a PCB. Click New Polar Grid entry in the grid then click Properties . Signal problems can abound when trace width values are incorrectly specified in high-speed PCBs. Design-Aid for marking print. 022mm/2 = 0. 0 ()' 0 0 K k K k E Z r η = (4) where = h w k 2. The two are lifetime specifications in the said electronic component, and their polarity determines their operational conditions. The Si6000b field solving impedance design system is the latest addition to Polar's controlled impedance product range. Crosshatch is a ‘non-ideal’ return path and is difficult to model accurately. degree radian. Calculates the current a conductor needs to raise its temperature over ambient. 0 ' tanh π (5b)Surface roughness effect on PCB trace attenuation / loss. Example of the Saturn PCB design calculator for a variety of useful PCB design estimates. The Cartesian coordinates x and y can be converted to polar coordinates r and θ with r ≥ 0 and θ in the interval (− π, π] using the following formulas: r = x2 +y2− −−−−−√, θ = arctan(y x). Source; Wikipedia Capacitors further have a concept of capacitor polarity that includes polar and non-polar capacitors. Access to the PCB calculator. Removed YA2017 tax comparison. A PCB impedance calculator uses field solvers to accurately approximate impedance values. Uses a formula from an article by Polar instruments, showing the formula used. Many Polar customers request frequency-dependent impedance modelling, with particular reference to transmission line losses – the result is the Si9000e. The Si8000m adds enhanced modelling to predict the finished impedance of multiple dielectric PCB builds and also takes into account the local variations in dielectric constant on close spaced. For example, for January, the system calculates PCB for 60,000 (5,000 x 12) and divides it by 12 for one month. The XML Interface Module is designed for system integrators who need an industry standard controlled impedance solution. Understanding and correctly calculating your PCB’s trace width limitations is crucial for keeping your PCB. Polar Speedstack is the pre-layout stackup tool of choice for many high end fabricators, value added brokers and OEM base PCB Technologists and features greatly enhanced productivity: Enables design rule checking early in the design process. For the same employee, monthly PCB for salary alone will be RM 130, so the tax for bonus is RM 650 - RM 130 = RM 520. This statistical converter for the complex number to polar form is provided for your personal use and should be used as a guide only. Click Finish and FlowSync launches. Note: The results are only for approximation and rough estimation, the final values and the. The Si9000e extends the capability for multi GHz designs Polar's interconnected tools for impedance controlled PCBs are designed for OEMs and fabricators who are concerned with PCBs running in the popular 100MHz to 3GHz region, especially those with applications where signal reflection rather than insertion loss is the main criteria from a signal integrity perspective. 23. Modulus Argument Type Operator . Calculation Method. ACC225. It includes a link and license for Polar’s Si8000m, using the proven Polar Si8000m multiple dielectric boundary element field solver to provide the impedance data for the stack. Kindly find the attachment Pcb_calci_satya_20071112. Polar Calculator Home. 0. Where I is maximum current in Amps, k is a constant, dT is temperature rise above ambient in °C, & A is cross sectional area of trace mils². In what follows j j is the imaginary unit such that j2 = −1 j 2 = − 1 or j = −1−−−√ j = − 1. By understanding the microstrip transmission line, designers can. The microstrip is a very simple yet useful way to create a transmission line with a PCB. With the Si9000 versions 9. H. 2㎡ shares the same price as 6. Height (h) betwee two layers:8 t0 12 mills. It's very good for real-time measurement, the use of this software is very professional. Zero PCB for months 4,5,7,8,10 and 11. Cu thickness. 1 has six signal layers, but only has one pair of planes closely spaced. The order of preference in the choice of reference planes is. When you look at a graph of a return loss formula, the negative sign is often omitted and is sometimes used interchangeably with the S11 parameter. 076 0. An online calculator to add, subtract, multiply and divide polar impedances is presented. In this short article, you will learn: What are polar and cartesian coordinates: similarity and differences between the two most common coordinate. The total contribution, both by employees and employers, is capped at 1% of the employees'. The Polar Instruments Si9000e Transmission Line Field Solver incorporates fast and accurate frequency-dependent PCB transmission line modelling. Lo: inductance per unit length. You can also define the supply nets and use the Tools menu to provide average track impedances and route lengths. The required inputs are the Dk value for the dielectric constant of the PCB substrate, and the. To avoid microstrip modes, have h >> (w+2g) and extend component side ground away from the trace by > (w+2g). r – modulus of complex number. The Heart Rate Monitor Interface (HRMI) is an intelligent peripheral device that converts the ECG signal from the Polar Heart Rate Monitor (HRM) into easy-to-use heart rate data. I’ll show you in a minute why just part of the symbol isn’t good enough. Values for excess resin may be added to the material libraries for prepregs. Most of the microstrip impedance calculators you’ll find online use a similar process: enter your microstrip geometry and Dk value for your PCB substrate materials, and the tool will return the impedance for your microstrip trace. If we increase the length of the trace in this design, then the voltage needed to. Graphing Calculator is a tool for quickly visualizing math. The width of the conducting layer is important to calculate the radiation intensity since it directly affects. It includes a link and license for Polar’s. A beta feature supporting Delta-L 4. So, substitute the values. Calculate Coplanar impedance for given PCB parameters. 03. Use this form for processing a Polar number against another Polar number. Equation 3, which was developed by Martin Marietta in the mid 1980s, is a method for predicting the impedance of buried microstrip transmission. The calculator below uses Wadell’s. W is the width of the trace. Students, hobbyists, engineers and businesses alike use our calculators for engineering, circuit board projects, and more. 26 Jan 2019: Employee EPF contribution has been adjusted to follow EPF Third Schedule. x = r ⋅ cosθ, y = r ⋅ sinθ. 076 0. Crosshatch is a ‘non-ideal’ return path and is difficult to model accurately. These vias and conductors will affect the impedance seen by signals throughout your board. You can choose from many routing styles, but whichever routing. Modeling approximation can be used to design the microstrip trace. ImpedCalc is. With these results, we. [m] height of trace above return plane. Re: POLAR SI9000e and Sarturn PCB. Accurate and easy to use, Polar Si8000m makes designing impedance controlled PCB trace dimensions and is the solver of choice for OEMs and fabricators working with. The PCB Impedance Calculator in Altium Designer. 127mm of prepreg between them, Er 4. The calculators have been designed to work the best to our knowledge. Don’t forget to check out our other. PCB design software needs to include. This design tool is based on the charts in IPC-2221. 048 x dT0. Get the free "Convert Complex Numbers to Polar Form" widget for your website, blog, Wordpress, Blogger, or iGoogle. Best to check with another source before deciding on a value to use. Find ground plane shorts with the. Calculate your EPF & PCB online with this free tool. Reference: R. The PCB fab should have a $$$ software tool such as made by Polar Instruments and others, that are much more comprehensive than any of the free download or online calculators. The stackup can be validated in Zuken’s DFM Center before release to manufacturing. A microstrip is a type of transmission line in which a strip of a conducting material like copper is mounted on a dielectric material and routed to a ground plane. The surface finish is neglected. Don’t forget to check out our other. License: All 1 2 | Free. Hi marce, Thanks for the reply. Double-click on the polar grid or right-click. Polar Pcb Impedance Calculator Series Óf Webinars Some of thése online calculators aré freeware programs fróm different companies 0thers just list formuIas without citing sourcés. If you want a thinner microstrip, you need to reduce the substrate height using one of the following solutions: Use a thinner 2-layer PCB, for example 0. Follow this short decision tree to select the version of Speedstack that matches your stackup design and modelling requirements. With the Si9000 PCB Transmission Line Field Solver you can view the full range of 2 and 4-port S-parameters in a single chart window. Using this calculator, you can find the resonant frequency, which means that you can disregard the reactive impedance (reactance) and only pay attention to the resistive impedance (resistance). Reflections, ringing, and overshoot result from traces on the PCB without effective impedance controlling routing. 5% of their employees' monthly earnings. Impedance matching is the way of configuring the input impedance of a load or the output impedance of its signal source. The Si8000m is a boundary element method field solver that builds on the familiar easy to use user interface in earlier Polar impedance design systems. Since it is a USB. A A is the cross section area, in mils 2; and. PCB Trace Width Calculator & PCB Trace Resistance Calculator per IPC-2152. 57 degrees. MicroMega Solutions is a software and services company located in central Florida. The surface finish is neglected. 31 Dec 2021: Updated PCB calculator for YA2022. PA = 1/2 * (30/57. [m] width of the trace. Description. Operations on polar impedances are needed in order to find equivalent impedances in AC circuits. This means we openly challenge the status quo, find new ways to create value and get rewarded for our individual contributions. PCS is an essential tax deduction for all of the Malaysian employment as it directly applied a deduction towards employee salary. Polar coordinates are a different way of representing points in a plane compared to the more familiar Cartesian coordinates. Ohm’s Law provides the framework for solving network analysis problems; when the curtain gets pulled back, Ohm’s Law updates to become the relationship between voltage, current, and impedance, not resistance. 3. Complete RF PCB Design and Layout in Altium Designer. 44, c = 0. Height: Height of the substrate. This calculator will calculate trace current/temperature parameters for virtually any size trace thickness and width. Assign Net for Free Track/Arc/Circle. The impedance calculator from Becker & Müller is a tool to approximate the dimensions of conductor impedance. EIS is not included in tax relief. This calculator finds both odd and even transmission line impedance. Fax +43 7666 20041-20 . Please inform if any errors or omissions found. PCB stackup calculator. 01. This means your employer will withhold the. To use it, first select thetolerance of the resistor: 10%, 5% or equal or smaller than 2%. Capacitor Energy and Time Constant. ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS Single Track For the stripline of Figure 2 with a symmetrically centred track of zero thickness, Cohn[3] has shown that the exact value of the characteristic impedance is 4. The calculators have been designed to work the best to our knowledge. Use a 4. Z-planner Enterprise contains a stackup calculator which ensures signal integrity across a PCB for various controlled impedance models to quickly simulate electrical performance based on the current stack up configuration. As in many other countries, PCB is deducted at source. This small but powerful calculator was designed to be software compatible with the HP-41C. Berikut merupakan cara-cara untuk mendaftar akaun pcb income tax; Layari laman sesawang seperti pada rajah di atas ini. The calculator is largely based on IPC 2221B standard, table 6-1. What this means to you is that at the resonant frequency, depending on whether the circuit is in parallel or series, the impedance is the highest or. Statutory contribution schedules: Jadual PCB 2023 / PCB Table 2018. This calculator will calculate trace current/temperature parameters for virtually any size trace thickness and width. Design-Aid for solder-stop. The accuracy of these equations for microstrip traces with different impedances is also compared in the Polar Instruments article. g. Impedance Calculations Bittele Electronics uses the industry standard Polar Impedance Calculator SI8000 to. There are some advantages to using a microstrip transmission line over other alternatives. ELISA for Windows is a series of programs or program modules which process bioassay data collected from 96 well ELISA plates downloaded from several different models of ELISA readers. dBm Chart SI Prefixes Ohms Law. 45 for gold. Industry Leading PCB Designer's Tools. Math notebooks have been around for hundreds of years. since i have trie in many tools. Features of our Stackup Designer. Provides for concurrent design rule changes as work progresses. 15. we will discuss them one by one below. The equation, I=kΔTbAc, incorporates K, B, C, ΔT, and A as variables. 725. iOS Android. For anyone. a- The Loop antenna. 44 x A0. 075 – 0. Helical Antenna Design Calculator. Simple PCB assembly might range from $10 to $50 per board, while complex or high-volume jobs can be significantly more expensive. Speedstack Si insertion loss controlled PCB stackup design tool is made for you if you are a designer, fabricator or PCB technologist who needs to manage PCB stackups with both impedance and insertion loss control. 21. 27 Oct 2017:. Here you will find e. ImpedCalc is a free transmission line impedance calculator. It can also convert complex numbers from Cartesian to polar form and vice versa. It lacked the HP-41C's expandability but it offered, a two-line dot matrix screen with customizable menus, greater speed, smaller size, and a lower price as compensation. Kalkulator PCB Lembaga Hasil Dalam Negeri. Terminate Routing Automatically. Simple PCB Calculator provides quick, accurate and easy calculation to Malaysian tax payers to calculate PCB that covers all basic tax relieves such as individual, EPF contribution relief. This can be set to zero, but the calculated loss will not include conductor losses. In the example below: KiCAD PCB calculator says 119,5 Ohm with new formular is 106,7 Ohm polar field solver calculates 101 OhmPolar Flow. Polar3. CGen Coupon Generator 2021 v21. calculator or spreadsheet. This calculator is designed to calculate the characteristic impedance of a microstrip - a flat conductor suspended over a ground plane with a dielectric between them (see diagram below). Calculate the impedance of PCB traces quickly and easilly using DigiKey's Trace Impedance Calculator. An interactive version of this table may be found here . Our very brief discussion of complex impedance and the polar form of complex impedance underlines both the mathematical complexity involved with calculating impedance and tough problems that we encounter with impedance. And the best part is, it is FREE. Real time sharing of specifications. However, an online Parallel and Perpendicular Line. JLCBCB, Eurocircuits) don't have calculator for specific layer stack combination, They say us, use POLAR, or other expensive tool. A differential stripline pair refers to two traces located between two reference plane layers, which are routed as a differential pair. z = r ( cos ϑ + i sin ϑ ) r = √x 2 + y 2 ϑ = tan -1 (y / x) x, y – triangle sides. You may decline renewal by giving 60 days' notice prior to the contract anniversary. Most people looking for Polar si9000 pcb transmission downloaded: Si9000 PCB Transmission Line Field Solver. The Si8000m adds enhanced modelling to predict the finished impedance of multiple dielectric PCB builds and also takes into account the local variations in dielectric constant on close spaced. I used the KiCAD PCB calculator, asked the PCB manufacturer about the tangent loss (0. In both cases, you’ll need to enter your stackup information into the calculator to get accurate results. ->. 3) to calculate trace width and. The stackup on the left side of Figure 2. The Si9000 frequency-dependent calculations can be refined using extended substrate data. Reference: R. Seamless integration with the Altium Layer Stack Manager, allows the transfer of substrate materials for the correct trace impedance and automatic creation of. All calculators are scripted on the server and. This form of microstrip is composed of two traces. Polar systems are. Si8000m Designsystem. It is based on our new book "PCB Design Guide to Via and Trace Currents and Temperatures. 80 mm. PCB signal integrity, stackup and controlled impedance. Explore math with our beautiful, free online graphing calculator. This calculator requires symmetry in the trace widths and location between plane layers. Best-in-Class PCB Fabrication, Assembly, & Components. CR-8000 Design Force users can now exchange pre-layout stackup designs seamlessly with Polar’s Speedstack for IC Packaging and PCB design. Calculate Microstrip impedance for given PCB parameters. These are pure estimates to. With our resources and experience, we have what it takes to meet your project needs from concept to production and also be your complete electronic engineering partner no matter how. The order of preference in the choice of reference planes is. Download page for printed circuit datasheets such as our Basic Design Rules, information on impedance control, FR4 material and solder stop. Hitech Circuits is a professional PCB board fabrication, printed circuit board manufacturer, supplier in China, we focus on printed circuit boards manufacturing such as high density interconnect pcb, heavy copper PCB, Power PCB, high frequency pcb, RF PCB, ceramic PCB, Rogers PCB, Teflon PCB and more. Distance units: Substrate Height, H Trace Width, W Thickness, TPCB & Electronics Calculators. Use this form for processing a Polar number against another Polar number. 00. The idea is to find the modulus r and the argument θ of the complex number such that Let z be complex number in standard form given by : z = a + i b. Si9000e graphing, roughness goal seek, sensitivity analysis projects, trace resistance vs. Note that the driver output impedance may be configurable among various values. The accuracy of a controlled impedance trace on a PCB is usually critical to the correct performance of the PCB. In other words, you can enter your copper weight value into the calculator, and it will determine the required trace width given your current and temperature rise limit. Solid planes. To understand the workings of PCB antennas, one must know different types of antennas. 01) and dielectric constant (3. 946 for silver, or 1. the tool is linked to our 2D field solver-based impedance calculator which allows you to design any controlled impedance traces. Most popular calculators don’t even have a box height parameter. The microstrip is a very simple yet useful way to create a transmission line with a PCB. For PCB fabricators Speedstack PCB interfaces with the industry standard Polar Si8000m PCB Controlled Impedance Field Solver. Polar Impedance Calculator. Use formula C = (ε * A) / d for estimation. Inductive load. Download. Make sure you get started with high speed PCB routing using our transmission line impedance calculator applications. If you have interested in our products, pls feel free to contact us. Please inform if any errors or omissions found. Microstrip Impedance Calculator. 9E-6. So you may find the PCB prototype price of 1 piece the same as 10 pieces. Offers 3 technology levels (level I/II/III). The TRC100 is a free utility which allows you to quickly and simply calculate the resistance of PCB traces. email: [email protected]. Salary RM 17300. We need to perform PCB impedance calculator and PCB. It will also calculate the trace internal temperature at any depth into the board. 024 x dT0. This antenna may look like a round or rectangular. One particular valuable featureof theQuick SolverInterface(Figure 5) is. 01 Mar 1998. KKCP (Pind. These independent operations are neither agents or subsidiaries of Polar. In IPC-6012B there are also 6 Types of PCB defined: Printed Boards without plated through holes (1) 1 Single-Sided Board. The standard 4-layer stackup uses two inner layers for power and ground, and the two outer layers are for components and trace routing. There are four different types of impedance used in characterizing differential trace impedances. Take a look at the PCB track resistance calculator at -. Accurate pricing requires a detailed quote from a PCB assembly service. 17 Mar 2018: Introduced PCB Schedule Mode where PCB amount will match LHDN PCB Schedule. Graph functions, plot points, visualize algebraic equations, add sliders, animate graphs, and more. Using a Differential Pair Impedance Calculator. Testing with Test Coupons. Similar forms are listed to the right. PCB signal integrity, stackup and controlled impedance. xls. ALTIUM DESIGNER. POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS. As for the PCB calculator parameters, consider that it uses an approximated empirical formula. Calculates the inductance of a planar PCB inductor. It will also calculate the trace internal temperature at any depth into the board. THESE FORMULAS ARE APPROXIMATIONS! They should not be used when a high degree of accuracy is required. This is used for making relative dielectric constant measurements using a Vector Network Analyser.